1.  The objectives of this study are summarized as follows:
   1. To measure and compare serum levels of (sRAGE) as well as neurokinin B (NKB) and among obese individuals, patients with T2DM, as well as healthy controls.
   2. To analyze the correlation between sRAGE and NKB levels with other biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, fasting glucose, QUICKI , McAuly index , TYG index as well as BMI.
   3. To evaluate the potential of sRAGE and NKB as early biomarkers for predicting the risk of developing T2DM in obese individuals.
   4. To determine the normal cutoff values for sRAGE and NKB in patient.
   5. To evaluate the potential of Neurokinin-B as a predictive factor or prognostic biomarker for metabolic dysfunction together with insulin resistance and obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus severity in both sexes.

   Other parameters, such as FBS and lipid profile, were also measured in both the patient and healthy control groups.

   Quickness, TYG, McAuley, and HOMA-IR were calculated in both the patient and healthy control groups.

The study was conducted at the University of Baghdad, College of Science for Women, Department of Chemistry, and the Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Al-Rusafa, Baghdad, Iraq, from October to December 2025. Insulin, sRAGE, and NKB levels were measured using ELISA with a Human Reader HS device, while FBS and lipid profile were examined using a Cecil CE72000 device. The equation method was adopted to calculate QUICKI, TYG, McAuley, and HOMA-IR.

1.  The most important recommendations reached by the thesis are:
   • Study investigates sRAGE levels as a potential prognostic tool to predict vascular damage and cardiovascular disease development in T2DM patients because sRAGE functions as an inflammatory inhibitor.
   • Study how Neurokinin-B (NKB) affects appetite control and energy balance and glucose metabolism among people who have different levels of central fat accumulation (WHR).
   • Study the compared sRAGE , NKB levels and oxidative stress levels between normal-weight people and obese patients who have cardiovascular disease and who do not in order to discover they have cardiovascular disease as early risk indicators.
   • The study evaluates how different treatment methods like insulin injections and oral glucose-lowering agents affect sRAGE levels and NKB levels to achieve restorative therapy goals.
   • Need to study how sRAGE levels relate to insulin sensitivity (QUICKI index) across different metabolic syndrome stages because this information helps to prevent future vascular complications.