1. The objectives of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Determine the serum level of Adropin, Afamin and Neudesin in obese Iraqi pregnant women with and without GDM.
2. To explore associations of these markers with clinical characteristics associated with metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance indices (e.g., HOMA-IR).
3. To investigate the additive effect of these three biomarkers in their ability to capture the metabolic abnormalities in GDM
4. To evaluate the independent biomarkers for each protein by looking at the relationship between these proteins and the usual risk factors (maternal age, BMI etc.).

This study, which was conducted at the University of Baghdad / College of Science for Women / Department of Chemistry and Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital Baghdad- Iraq, between December 2024 to April 2025. Levels of Adropin, Afamin and Neudesin, Ansulin were measured using ELISA via the Human Reader HS device, while FBS and HBA1C was performed using a Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd. Analyzer.

1. Adropin, Afamin, and Neudesin may serve as promising biomarkers for the early detection of GDM; however, larger studies are needed before their clinical application.
2. Future studies with larger sample sizes and additional metabolic biomarkers are recommended to validate the current findings.
3. Further studies are recommended to investigate the role of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in the metabolic effects of Afamin in GDM.
4. The relationship between these biomarkers and placental morphology, placental function, and oxidative stress in GDM should be investigated.
5. These biomarkers should be incorporated into GDM prediction models after validation in independent populations.