The thesis aims to design and synthesize new chemical derivatives of the drug ‘2-Carboxyindole’ by incorporating various heterocyclic rings (such as beta-lactams, oxadiazoles, and Schiff bases), followed by characterizing their structures and evaluating their antimicrobial efficacy to address the global challenge of bacterial and fungal resistance to conventional antibiotics

This study, which was conducted at the University of Baghdad / College of Science for Women / Department of Chemistry, in Baghdad / Iraq between  September 2023  to December 2024. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized using Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), (¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR), in addition to recording melting point ranges and chromatographic purity. The biological activity of targeted compounds was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial strains, and fungal models, and showed that substitution-intense scaffolds bearing benzothiazole, β-lactam, and oxadiazole fragments demonstrated stronger inhibition than their unsubstituted and less conjugated analogs.

The most important recommendations which the study has come up with and the average obtained:

1. The hybrids produced were used in comprehensive antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests to confirm biological selectivity and resistance-reversing ability.
2. Improved alignment of substituents and halogen distribution to have a developed receptor affinity and reduce off-target toxicity.
3. Input the docking perfection to develop the mapping of ligand–amino acids reactions and identify therapeutic pathways.
4. Examine the created analogues versus heterocyclic medicines to measure activity differentials.
5. Construct purified scaffolds using the identical reaction template to ease pharmaceutical formulation.