The  Dissertation aims to :

1. Preparation of SnO₂ (tin oxide) and CuI (copper iodide) nanoparticles using green synthesis methods, to act as charge transport layers.
2. Synthesizing nanoparticles of BiI₃ (Bismuth Iodide) to use in the perovskite active layer.
3. Manufacturing various types of perovskite solar cells by using easy lead-free materials (Organic, Inorganic).

The thesis/dissertation also includes Nanoparticles that were synthesized using semiconductor materials (CuI, BiI₃ SnO₂) prepared by chemical and green methods by using Orange Peels extract and Red Cabbage extract.

The structural, morphological, chemical, optical and electrical properties of the nanoparticles were studied using several examinations (XRD, AFM, FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, UV-VIS, Hall Effect). Manufacturing various types of perovskite solar cells by using easy lead-free materials (Organic, Inorganic)

The most important recommendations which the study has come up with and the average obtained.

1. Lead-free perovskite (MA)₂AgBiI₆ is being adopted as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional lead-containing perovskites due to its demonstrated acceptable chemical and thermal stability.
2. It is important to study the effect of adding improving materials such as mixing CuI with other materials such as NiOx to improve the long-term stability of the cell.
3. It is recommended to improve the thickness of the SnO₂ electron-conducting layer to ensure efficient electron transport and reduce surface recombination, thus increasing cell efficiency.
4. Expanding the scope of the research to cells with a larger area than small laboratory cells to units of square centimeter size to study the effect of granular defects and homogeneity on cell efficiency.
5. Selection of stable cations to enhance cell stability and efficiency.